TEORIJE SITKOMA (AMERIČKI SITKOM, 1980‒2016)
Metadata
Show full item recordAuthor:
Savčić, mr NinaFaculty:
Факултет драмских уметностиDate Issued:
27-04-2021Advisor:
Daković, dr NevenaCommittee members:
- Martinoli, dr Ana
- Erdei, dr Ildiko
- Janković, dr Aleksandra
- Milovanović, dr Aleksandra
Abstract
Studije televizije i popularna kultura nude veliki broj primera koji pokazuju da tekstovi obučeni u odelo zabave mogu da postave važna pitanja. Neka od njih predstavljaju subverzivnu snagu koja na prvi pogled atakuje na mejnstrim ideologiju. Američka komedija situacije tematizovala je važna pitanja: od abortusa, pozicije žene u falocentričnoj kulturi, do pitanja gej odnosa, rodnog opredeljenja, pitanje rasne segregacije i drugih detaljno analiziranih u ovom radu. Otvarajući navedene teme u udarnim terminima i pred milionskom publikom, imala je priliku da utiče na vladajući društveni i politički kontekst, ali preko „mekog” uticaja popularne kuture. Da li je to sitkom činio ili se samo stiče takav utisak zbog tematskih elemenata samih serija i predstavljenih junaka koji pripadaju ranjivim grupama, centralno je pitanje. Rad pažnju posvećuje društvenoj ulozi sitkoma, njegovom potencijalu da pokrene važna pitanja i kroz smeh pozove na preispitivanje vladajućih vrednosti. Tema rada je analiz...a četiri podžanra komedije situacije utemeljena na instrumentima (teorijskom aparatu) koji nudi lingvistika i kroz refleksiju socijalnog konteksta. Detaljnije, rad se bavi ispitivanjem načina na koji se subverzivnost/konzervativnost ponašaju i bore kroz jezičke mehanizme.
Izabrane studije slučaja podrazumevaju analizu sitkoma sa markiranim grupama kao glavnim junacima (žene u patrijarhalnoj kulturi gde beli sredovečni dobrostojeći muškarac predstavlja normu, homoseksualci u društvu koje favorizuje heteroseksualne odnose, pripadnici afroameričke zajednice u Americi, koja sa očiglednog rasizma prelazi na druge manje vidljive oblike i tako održava segregaciju): sitkom o „neposlušnoj ženi”, sekskom, gej sitkom (gejkom), blek sitkom (blekkom). Kriterijum za izbor podžanrova i sitkoma koji im pripadaju predstavlja želja da se detaljnije ispitaju tekstovi komedije situacije koji se bave društvenim odnosom prema Drugom i medijskom reprezentacijom ranjivih društvenih grupa. Za analizu su korišćene pre svega teorije lingvistike (teorija semantičkih lokalizacija, pojmovne metafore, teorija binarnih opozicija), ali i teorije socijalne psihologije (teorija sistema opravdanja, teorija rasizma koji je slep za boju, teorija averzivnog rasizma) i studije medija i televizije, a uže studije žanra. Za rad su veoma važne studije feminizma kao i pitanje novih identiteta koji ne ulaze u tradicionalnu podelu rodova.
Govoreći o izabranim podžanrovima, pokrećemo razgovor o dvema temama: binarnoj opoziciji koja je u društvu vitalna u različitim segmentima i na različite načine, i o segregaciji, animozitetu koji vlada među binarno postavljenim grupama ili njihovim konstruktima.
U analizi se preispituje da li sitkomi izabrani za studiju slučaja, koji su bili tematski inovativni, jer „drugost” postavljaju u centar interesovanja zajednice, iza svoje inovativnosti nose ili ne nose konzervativno razrešenje. Polazna pretpostavka je da sitkom o „neposlušnoj ženi” koji je ponudio nov lik žene, što se opire važećem modelu ponašanja, sekskom koji je pokušao dominantno femininu privatnu sferu da uvede u javno polje osvojeno od strane muškaraca, gejkom koji je otvorio pitanje rodnih sloboda i homoseksualne zajednice kao legitimnog člana društva, analizirani blekkom koji je nastojao da rekodira afroameričku porodicu, nisu ostali u okvirima poruka koje se šalju preko ostalih tekstova popularne kulture u mejnstrim medijima, već da su napravili pomak u prihvatanju junaka koji predstavljaju „drugost“ u odnosu na preporučeni prototip, kako i obećava njihovo tematsko određenje.
Namera ovog rada, pored navedene koja podrazumeva preispitivanje društvenog rada sitkoma u vremenu nastanka, takođe je da dȃ pogled na sitkom kroz vreme (dijahronijska perspektiva) preko odabranih podžanrova konstituisanih i izdvojenih prema kriterijumima koji zadiru u društvo i njegove veoma bitne teme: rasa, klasa, rod ‒ položaj „drugog” u zapadnom, binarno orijentisanom svetu.
Važan metod korišćen za analizu predstavlja cik-cak metod, gde se „teorijski tekstovi primenjuju [...] u analizi konkretnog teksta, a tekstualna analiza podstiče dalji razvoj na nivou teorije” (Doležal, 2008: 11).
Television studies and popular culture offer a large number of examples showing that the script adorned in amusement and fun could pump an important question. Some of them represent a subversive force, which at first glance seem like an assault on a mainstream values. American television sitcom has thematized the important issues: from abortion rights and women’s role in phallocentric world, to the issue of gay relationship, sexual orientation, racial segregation, and other subjects analyzed in detail in this thesis. Exploring these topics while being aired during primetime and with the highest level of audience viewership, it had the opportunity to shape prevailing social and political context, using its appealing pop culture soft power. Whether sitcom was doing it on purpose, or it is just our preconception, due to the vulnerability of the characters presented and its subject matters – that is a core question. A dissertation is analysis of four sitcom subgenres based on instruments (...theoretical mechanism) offered by linguistics and through reflection on the social circumstances and surrounding. Furthermore, this is examination of subversiveness and conservatism and how the wrestle through language mechanism.
Select case studies involve the analysis of sitcom with marked groups as the main characters (women in a patriarchal culture where a white middle aged wealthy man is the norm, homosexuals in a society that favors heterosexual relationships, members of the African-American community which is shifting from apparent to more subtle form of racism and thus maintaining segregation): sitcom about „unruly woman”, sexcom, gay sitcom and black sitcom. The criterion for the selection of subgenres and sitcoms that belong to them represents an aspiration for a more detailed examination the situation comedy scripts that deal with the social relationship to the Other and media representation of vulnerable social groups. Theories of linguistics were used for the analysis (theory of semantic localizations, cognitive metaphors, theory of binary oppositions) as well as theories of social psychology (theory of justification system, theory of color blind racism, theory of aversive racism), media and television studies and genre studies. Studies of feminism are of essential importance for the theses, as well as the issue of new identities that do not comply with traditional gender division.
Bringing up selected subgenres, we introduce two topics: binary opposition that is vital in different segments of society and in different ways and about segregation, the animosity that rules among binary regulated groups or its creators.
The analysis examines whether the sitcoms selected for the case study, which were thematically innovative because they place “otherness” at the center of community interest, carry or do not carry a conservative solution behind their innovation. The initial assumption is that the sitcom about the “unruly woman” which offered a new character of a woman who resist the current model of behavior, sexcom which tried to introduce the dominantly feminine private sphere into the public field occupied by men, gaycom which opened the question of gender freedom and the homosexual community as a legitimate member of society, analyzed blackcom which sought to recode the African-American family, did not stay within the framework of messages sent through other narratives of popular culture in the mainstream media, but made a shift in accepting heroes who represent “otherness” in relation to the recommended prototype, as promised/suggested by their thematic definition.
The objective of this thesis, in addition to the above, which involves re-examining the social work of sitcoms at the time of origin, is also to give a look at sitcoms through time (diachronic perspective) through selected subgenres constituted and selected according to criteria that affect society and its very important subjects: race, class, gender – the position of the “other” in the western, binary oriented world.
An important method used for analysis represents a zig-zag method, meaning that “theoretical dialogues have been applied… in the analysis of a specific text, and textual analysis encourages further development at the level of theory” (Doležal, 2018: 11)